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Campbell, A. and D.S. Pezzack. 1986. Relative egg production and abundance of berried lobsters, Homarus americanus, in the Bay of Fundy and off southwestern Nova Scotia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43:2190-2196.

Carr, M.H., and D.C. Reed. 1993. Conceptual issues relevant to marine harvest refuges: Examples from temperate reef fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 2019-2028.

The size of a refuge needed to sustain a fishery depends on the harvest and on the rate at which both refuge and harvested populations supply new recruits to the fishery. Recruitment rates are determined by larval production, and both intrinsic (e.g., reproductive mode, larval behavior) and extrinsic (e.g., predation, resource availability currents) factors that influence the geographic range over which a refuge can effectively supply recruits. The size, number, and distribution of refuges depend on patterns of larval replenishment. Since resource requirements of fish often change with ontogeny and reproductive condition, refuges may need to include a wide variety of habitats. Larval production by refuges may be enhanced by multi species management that provides protection for or allows harvesting of nontarget species. Additionally, protection may be needed for resources located outside refuges that enhance recruitment to harvested populations. Because improperly designed refuges may endanger a fishery by providing a false sense of protection, determining the effectiveness of a refuge is of utmost importance. Evaluation criteria should include the ability of a refuge to maintain high larval production of target species and to contribute to replenishment of harvested populations at a level sufficient to sustain a predetermined harvesting rate.

Castilla, J.C. 1976. Parques y reservas maritimas Chilenas - necesidad de creacion, probables localizaciones y criterios basicos. Medio Ambiente. 2: 70-80.

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Castilla, J.C. and L.R. Duran. 1985. Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda). Oikos. 45:391-399.

Castilla, J.C. and R.H. Bustamante. 1989. Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal of Las Cruces, central Chile: effects on Durvillea antarctica (Phaeophyta, Durvilleales). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 50:203-214.

Castilla, J.C., G.M. Branch, and A. Barkai. 1994. Exploitation of two critical predators: The gastropod Concholepas concholepas and the rock lobster Jasus lalandii. In: W. R. Siedfried (ed.). Rocky shores: Exploitation in Chile and South Africa. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. Ecological Studies. 103: 101-130.

Cava, F.M. and D.M. Power. 1989. Environmental information, the public and the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. p. 2665-2677. In: Coastal Zone '89: Proc. 6th Symp. Coastal and Ocean Management. Amer. Society Civil Engineers. New York, NY.

Cava, F.M., J.H. Robinson, and S.A. Earle. 1993. Should the Arabian (Persian) Gulf become a marine sanctuary? Oceanus. 36:53-62.

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Clark, J.R., B. Causey, and J.A. Bohnsack. 1989. Benefits from coral reef protection: Looe Key Reef, Florida. Pages 3076-3086 in O. T. Magoon, H. Converse, D. Miner, L. T. Tobin, and D. Clark (editors). Proceedings of Sixth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management: Volume 4, Coastal Zone '89

By 1988, there were approximately 135 protected coral reef areas in the Caribbean Basin and 123 in Southeast Asia. Major reasons for reef protection are enhancement of tourism, conservation of fish stocks, and prevention of shore erosion. This paper addresses conservation of fish stocks in the United States (Florida Keys) and the Phillippines (Central Visayas). Changes in fish abundance on study reefs in both regions determined by quantitative, before-and-after, studies of fish abundance at protected coral reef areas are reviewed. Four Philippine projects to increase fish yields by creating inviolate replenishment zones, or reserves, are compared with one project in the United States to protect an intensively used coral reef for ecological, tourist and fishery purposes. In all cases, a marked increase in desirable species was observed after strict protection was applied. For example , snappers (Lutjanidae) increased by an average of 47,213 and 2850 percent respectively in the Apo, Pamilacan and Balicasag Island projects in the Phillippines. Snappers increased by 93 percent and grunts by 439 percent for the Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary in the U.S. Florida Keys. The success of these management experiments is most welcome now when the world's coral reefs are suffering increasing exploitation and diminishing faunal resources.

Cognetti, G. 1986. Perspectives for protected marine areas in the Mediterranean. Mar. Poll. Bull. 17:185-186.

Cole, R.G. 1994. Abundance, size structure, and diver-oriented behavior of three large benthic carnivorous fishes in a marine reserve in northeastern New Zealand. Biol. Cons. 70:93-99.

Cole, R.G., T.M. Ayling, and R.G. Creese. 1990. Effects of marine reserve protection at Goat Island, northern New Zealand. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 24:197-210.

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