Davidson, R.J., and W.L. Chadderton. 1994. Marine reserve site selection along the Abel Tasman National Park coast, New Zealand: consideration of sub tidal rocky communities. Aquatic Conservation: Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems 4:153-167.

1. At present, marine reserves do not represent the full range of community types throughout New Zealand. 2. To assist with the placement of a marine reserve along the Able Tasman National Park coast (northern South Island), dominant sub tidal laminarian and fucoid algae, echinoids and herbivorous molluscs were quantitatively investigated. Results from 100 quadrats collected from 19 random transects at six selected sites showed that algae and grazer assemblages varied between granite and limestone substrata. 3. Granite had a high percentage cover of crustose coralline algae (mean 82%-90%), a sub littoral fringe of brown macroalgae and no Ecklonia radiata or red foliose algae. Limestone sites were distinguished by a relatively low percentage cover of coralline algae (mean 13%) and high cover of foliose red algae and E. radiata (2%-36% cover and 0.2-13.9 stipes m-2, respectively). 4. On limestone, molluscs Turbo smaragdus and Cookia sulcata, and the echinoid Evechinus chloroticus were larger than those on granite. On limestone sites with little macroalgae, herbivore size was intermediate. Grazers were more abundant on granite than limestone (mean 34.6 m-2, and 10.8 m-2 respectively). 5. Differences in herbivore composition were recorded between granite substrata, while both algal and herbivore composition varied between limestone sites. 6. We suggest that a variety of environmental factors including substratum influence algal and herbivore assemblages along the Abel Tasman coast. 7. It is recommended that selection of a marine reserve site or sites along the coast of Abel Tasman National Park recognizes differences in community structure both between and within limestone and granite substrata.

Davis, D. S. 1995. A Systems Approach to the Identification of Marine Protected Areas Pages 138-144 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

The revised edition of The Natural History of Nova Scotia (1984) resource book has provided an extension of descriptions of terrestrial landscapes (Theme Regions) to include all marine areas adjacent to the Nova Scotia coast. The criteria used to define landscape units on land have been applied to provide a description of a new Region for the marine area. This approach has been possible because it is based primarily on fixed features of bathymetry and geology as well as features of the water column and biota. The new Region, Region 900, Offshore/Continental Shelf, begins at the high tide mark on the coast and extends as far as the interprovincial and international boundaries and the limit of fisheries and mineral resource management area. The Region includes all bays and inlets on the coast, the Bras d'Or Lakes and the continental shelf and slope. It is divided into four Districts: Inner Shelf (910), Middle Shelf (920), Outer Shelf (930) and Scotian Slope (940). The first three are further sub-divided into Units on the basis of physical, geological and biological characteristics. The system is consistent with Regions proposed for National Marine Parks planning, and with environmental monitoring but includes much greater detail and allows for cross-referencing with terrestrial information. Applications are seen for coastal zone and marine resource management, environmental assessment and monitoring, protected areas systems planning and public information services.

Davis, G.E. 1977. Effects of recreational harvest on a spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, population. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27: 223-236.

Davis, G.E. 1981. On the role of underwater parks and sanctuaries in the management of coastal resources in the southeastern United States. Environmental Conservation 8(1):67-70.

Davis, G.E. 1989. Designated harvest refugia: The next stage of marine fishery management in California. Californian Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Invest. Report. 30:53-58.

Marine fishery management has traditionally been based on the biology and population dynamics of individual target species. Management controls are generally exercised through limits on individual fish sizes, seasons of harvest, catch limits, and restrictions on gear efficiency designed to protect reproductive stocks. Distance from port and depth provided de facto refugia from harvest during the first century of modern exploration, but recently few California near shore demersal fisheries have been able to sustain high yields using traditional species-specific management strategies. Designated harvest refugia, or fisheries reserves, should now be evaluated as management tools to enhance or sustain theses coastal fisheries. In other parts of the world, designated harvest refugia provide recruits to adjacent harvest zones, protect the genetic diversity of wild stocks, and serve as experimental controls for determinations of potential yield. This concept could be adapted to California's coastal ecosystems by applying accepted theories from ecology and conservation biology. Hypotheses regarding the optimum number, size, and distribution of fishery reserves in relation to harvested zones should be empirically tested in existing marine parks and reserves and in additional protected areas set aside especially for this purpose.

Davis, G.E., and J.W. Dodrill. 1980. Marine parks and sanctuaries for spiny lobster fisheries management. Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. 38:194-207.

Davis, G.E. and J.W. Dodrill. 1989. Recreational fishery and population dynamics of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, 1977-1980. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44:78-88.

Davis, G.E., S.C. Jameson, and J.E. Dugan. 1991. Potential benefits of harvest refugia in Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. p. 2962-2972 In: Coastal Zone '91, Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. Amer. Society Civil Engineers. New York, NY.

De Fontaubert, A.C., D.R. Downes, T.S. Agardy. 1996. Biodiversity in the Seas: Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity in Marine and Coastal Habitats. IUCN Gland and Cambridge. vii+82 pp.

DeMartini, E.E. 1993. Modeling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fishery Bulletin U.S. 91:414-427.

The potential use of marine fishery reserves (MFRs) for managing fisheries on tropical Pacific coral reefs was assessed with an extension of the Beverton-Holt model. The effects of year-round fishery closures on harvests in adjacent, exploited areas were evaluated. Potential changes in spawning stock biomass per recruit (SSB/R) and yield per recruit (Y/R), when varying fractions of exploitable reef area were closed to fishing, were estimated natural and fishing mortality rates, size- and maturity-at-age distributions, and "transfer" (emigration and immigration) rates. For select cases, fundamental transfer rates were adjusted for possible density-dependent emigration from closed areas as relative densities decreased in surrounding non-closed areas because of continued fishing. Three hypothetical "fish types" were constructed, bracketing the likely extremes in fundamental transfer rates and related life-history pacific coral reef fishes: a small bodied, fast-growing and short-lived, strongly philopatric species of damsel fish was contrasted with a large-bodied, relatively slow-growing, long-lived, vagile species of jack. A "surgeon fish" type was used to represent intermediate parameter values. Simulations corroborate previous observations that MFRs contribute little, if anything, towards increasing Y/R. Results for the highly vagile jack confirm that rapid transfer rates will negate potential gains in SSB/R resulting from closures. At the opposite extreme, small reef philopatriots like damsel fishes would almost never be harvested, because of negligible transfer rates, unless the MFR was periodically opened to fishing. The simulations suggest that the SSB/R of the surgeon fish type is the most likely to benefit from MFRs, because moderate vagility allows biomass to accumulate within the closure despite harvesting in the non-closed area. Results further suggest that growth rate, fishing effort in the non-closed (open) area, natural mortality, and maturity and harvesting schedules importantly infuence the potential of MFRs to augment SSB when transfer rates are low to moderate.

Dethier, M.N. 1992. Classifying marine and estuarine natural communities: an alternative to the Cowardin system. Nat. Areas J. 12:91-100.

Dionne, S. 1995. Creating the Saguenay Marine Park ---- A Case Study Pages 189-196 in N.L. Shackell, and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management.

In accordance with the agreement signed on April 6, 1990, the Saguenay Marine Park will be legally created through the adoption of legislative measures and regulations respecting the jurisdictions of the governments of Canada and Quebec. In order to integrate the expectations of local communities and of non-governmental groups, an advisory committee was set up to participate in the development proposal. Furthermore, the governments jointly held two public hearings: one regarding the boundaries and the other, the development proposal of the future park. This paper focuses on the historical background and evolution of the park's creation and on how both provincial and federal governments, in conjunction with the local communities, intend to coordinate and integrate management actions such as: education, multi-legislation economic activities and protection. More specifically, issues related to the management of natural resources will be presented and discussed.

Dixon, J.A., L.F. Scura, and T. van't Hof. 1993. Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. Ambio. 22:117-125.

Dufour, V., J. Jouvenel, and R. Galzin. 1995. Study of a Mediterranean reef fish assemblage: Comparisons of population distributions between depths in protected and unprotected areas over one decade. Aquat. Living Resour. 8: 17-25.

Dugan, J.E., and G.E. Davis. 1993. Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:2029-2042.

Marine fisheries refugia, unaltered areas that serve as sources of replenishment, can potentially compensate for recruitment and ecosystem over fishing and enhance fishery yields for some coastal stocks. The efficacy of refugia in fisheries management is virtually untested, despite the existence of many marine parks and reserves. Evidence from existing marine reserves indicated that increased abundance, individual size, reproductive output, and species diversity occurred in a variety of marine species in refuges of various sizes, shapes, and histories in communities ranging from coral reefs to temperate kelp forests. Fishery yield enhancement in areas surrounding refuges occurred in the few studies where yields were examined. The export of propagules required to enhance fisheries in areas surrounding refugia design should consider species life histories, oceanographic regimes, habitat quality, and socioeconomic factors. Further evaluation of existing marine refuges and the investigation of experimental refugia over appropriate time spans will help resolve questions of optimal sizes, shapes, and distribution of fishery refugia.

Dugan, J.E., and G.E. Davis. 1993. Introduction to the international symposium on marine harvest refugia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 50:1991-1992.

Duran, L.R. and J.C. Castilla. 1989. Variation and persistence of the middle rocky intertidal community of central Chile, with and without human harvesting. Marine Biology. 103:555-562.

Duran, L.R. and D. Oliva. 1987. Intensity of human predation on rocky shores at Las Cruces in central Chile. Env. Cons. 14:143-149.

Dwyer, B. 1995. Newfoundland Inshore Fishery: Holistic Industry Renewal & Sustainable Livelihoods Pages 273-285 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management

Dyer, M.I. and M.M. Holland. 1991. The biosphere-reserve concept: needs for a network design, new efforts should emphasize ecosystem and landscape dynamics. BioScience. 41:319- 325.