Haedrich, R.L., M.G. Villagarcia, and M.C. Gomes. 1995. Scale of marine protected areas on Newfoundland's continental shelf. Pages 48-53 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management of Protected Areas Association, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

Multivariate analyses of groundfish survey data have been used to identify areas on the Newfoundland Continental Shelf that are characterized by a homogeneous faunal composition, i.e. by recurrent fish assemblages. Such areas could constitute important natural regions for management and protection of stocks. Distribution patterns of the assemblages. Such areas could constitute important natural regions for management and protection of stocks. Distribution patterns of the assemblages off NE Newfoundland and Labrador were relatively stable from 1978 until 1987, as was previously observed for assemblages on the Grand Banks, but they have entered a period of change as the fishery; has collapsed. From 1978 to 1991, declines in biomass and mean individual sizes were common to all commercial groundfish and to many non-commercial ones as well. Since about 1985, the biomass decline has been accompanied by major shifts in the geographic distribution of many species. Some species disappeared from inshore, others disappeared from the north, and others did both. Intense exploitation is the most likely explanation for the decline of fish biomass on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf, and with recovery we expect the assemblage areas will be re-established. Despite the fact that their boundaries are not fixed in space, areas defined on the basis of recurrent assemblages offer a rational scale for the designation of protected areas. Within these broader areas, smaller regions (for example, spawning locales) can be designated for special treatment.

Hale, L.Z. and S.B. Olsen. Fall 1993. Coral reef management in Thailand, a step toward integrated coastal management. Oceanus. 36:27-34.

Harding, L.E., and Wilson, R.C.H. 1995. Integrated Marine Ecosystem Monitoring: The Pacific Marine Ecozone Trial Pages 130-137 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

A national marine status and trends monitoring network is being established in the coastal regions of Canada. The network is designed to measure key attributes of marine ecosystems that can be used to diagnose ecosystem health, and to detect processes, such as bio magnification or eutrophication, that could lead to large scale changes in structure and function. Its purposes are to integrate the time series monitoring of several federal and provincial agencies, and to identify the need for selective enhancements to existing programs. The network is intended to achieve strategic, scientific and operational linkages between agencies. Strategic linkages are based on agreements among agencies to cooperate in this initiative, to develop common objectives, and to share resources needed to achieve these objectives. Scientific linkages may include shared sampling and analytical protocols, common meta data standards, and cooperative technical design of monitoring programs, including selection of stations and approaches to analysis and interpretation. Operational linkages involve sharing of physical resources, such as ship and computing facilities, and joint planning to identify opportunities for collaboration. In Phase I (1992-3) a hierarchical marine ecosystem classification system was developed for Canada's marine environments. Phase II (1993-4) was the collaborative design of the network, involving a series of workshops with federal marine scientists and science managers across Canada. Phase III (1993) was a field trial of the network concept, conducted in the Pacific region. This paper presents the results of the first year of integrated monitoring of ecosystems on Canada's Pacific coast.

Harmelin, J.G., F. Bachet, and F. Garcia. 1995. Mediterranean marine reserves: Fish indicies as tests of protection efficiency. Marine Ecology. 16: 233-250.

Harper, D.E. and J.A. Bohnsack. 1995. Quantitative assessment of the recreational data collection program in Biscayne National Park, 1976-1991. Draft Final Report to Biscayne National Park.

Harriott, V.J., S.D.A. Smith, and P.L. Harrison. 1994. Patterns of coral reef community structure of subtropical reefs in the Solitary Islands Marine Reserve, eastern Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 109:67-76.

Harvey-Clark, Chris 1995. Protection of Sixgill Sharks Pages 286-291 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management

The problem of protecting terrestrial carnivores with large home ranges has been partially resolved through designation of large wilderness areas as parks and refuges, but we have yet to resolve the problem of how to protect marine species that are migratory or have large home ranges. The sixgill shark, Hexachus griseus, is worldwide in distribution and typically found at depths from 180 to 1800 m, roaming home ranges of dozens of miles. Since 1978, two sites in coastal British Columbia have become world famous for unique seasonal diver observations of these large, primitive cowsharks. Investigators from the Canadian Marine Environment Protection Society and the University of British Columbia have been involved in characterizing the value of sharks as a live ecotourism resource. Although these sharks were virtually unknown to science in 1991, they became the target of subsidized commercial fishery despite lack of a management database and absence of a process for consultation with other users of the resource. Diver observations of sharks decreased in the summer of 1993 and it is unclear whether either the fishery or ecotourism utilization of the sixgill shark can be sustained. The sixgill shark issue begs the questions: how will we protect sensitive marine species outside marine protected areas?

Hirvonen, H.E., Harding,L., and Landucci, J. 1995 A National Marine Ecological Framework for Ecosystem Monitoring and State of the Environment Reporting. Pages 117-129. N.L. Shakell and J.H. Martin Wilson (editors.) Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

Environment Canada, under the auspices of the Departmental Marine Environmental Quality Working Group, undertook, in 1993, the development of a marine ecological framework for Canada. This spatial framework serves as the primary reporting framework for reporting on the state of Canada's marine environments. As well, it provides an ecological backdrop for a national network for monitoring the health of these marine ecosystems and for the determination and acquisition of representative protected areas. Through a multi-agency consultative process and drawing on the experience in the establishment of terrestrial ecosystem classifications and the early work in marine regionalization, this hierarchical ecological framework was established.

Hockey, P.A.R. and A.L. Bosman. 1986. Man as an intertidal predator in Transkei: disturbance, community convergence and management of a natural food resource. Oikos. 46:3-14.

Hockey, P.A.R., A.L. Bosman, and W.R. Siegfried. 1988. Patterns and correlates of shellfish exploitation by coastal people in Transkei: an enigma of protein production. J. Appl. Ecol. 25:353-363.

Hockey, P.A.R. and G.M. Branch. 1994. Conserving marine biodiversity on the African coast: implications of a terrestrial perspective. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 4:345-362.

Holland, D.S. 1988. Managing fisheries without restricting catch or effort: the use of marine reserves for inshore fisheries. M.S. Thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 44 pp.

Holland, D.S. and R.J. Brazee. 1996. Marine reserves for fisheries management. Marine Resources Economics 11: 157-171. Economic modeling study.

Hutchings, J.A. 1995. Seasonal marine protected areas within the context of spatio-temporal variation in the northern cod fishery. Pages 37-47 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management of Protected Areas Association, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

The collapse of Northern Cod, Gadus morhua, in the latter half of the 20th century coincided with large-scale spatial and temporal changes in the harvest of this stock. The advent of factory trawlers was associated with extraordinary harvests during prespawning and spawning periods from previously unfished offshore waters off southern Labrador and northeastern Newfoundland. The demographic consequences of this over exploitation on Northern Cod are summarized. The rationale for establishing a seasonal Marine Protected Area for the protection of prespawning and spawning cod is presented and its merits discussed.

Huppert, D.D. 1991. Managing the groundfish fisheries of Alaska: history and prospects. Reviews in Aqaut. Sci. 4:339-373.