MacDiarmid, A.B. 1989. Size at onset of maturity and size-dependent reproductive output of female and male spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) (Decapoda, Palinuridae) in northern New Zealand. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 127:229-243.

MacDiarmid, A.B. and P.A. Breen. 1992. Spiny lobster population changes in a marine reserve. Pages 47-56 in Battershull et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the Second International Temperate Reef Symposium, 7-10 January 1992, Auckland, New Zealand. NIWA Marine, Wellington, New Zealand 252 p.

Man, A., R. Law, and N. V. C. Polunin. 1995. Role of marine reserves in recruitment to reef fisheries: A metapopulation model. Biological Conservation 71: 197-204.

While marine reserves can replenish local populations of reef fishes exploited by fishermen through enhanced survivorship of post- recruitment fishes, the manner in which reserves enhance larger-scale recruitment to fish stocks is poorly understood. We investigate a metapopulation model to see how marine reserves might help to conserve such populations and benefit fisheries. The model defines two kinds of patches: (I) those open to fishing and (ii) those who maintained as reserves free from exploitation. Each patch may occur in one of two states according to whether or not it contains fishes recruited to the fishery. It is shown that reserves become highly beneficial as the local extinction rate caused by fishing becomes large because they provide a source of recruitment into fished-out patches. In such circumstances, the introduction of reserves meets the needs both of conservation and of sustainable exploitation of the fishery. The abundance of the exploitable population is maximized when half of all patches (reserves + exploited patches) are occupied by the stock. The sustainable yield is also maximized when half of all patches are occupied, assuming that yield is proportional to the local extinction rate. This result could provide a rule of thumb for fishery managers addressing the specific question of enhancing recruitment in heavily deleted stocks of certain reef fisheries. However, like other metapopulation models, the one here makes some important simplifying assumptions which would need to be addressed in the application of these results to specific fisheries.

Marine Life Conservation District Plan. (Appendix).

This shows changes in Hawaiian reserves.

Marquet, P.A., S.A. Navarrete, J.C. Castilla. 1990. Scaling population density to body size in rocky intertidal communities. Science 250: 1061-1184.

McCardle, D.A. (ed.). 1997. California Marine Protected Areas. California Sea Grant College System, LaJolla, CA.

McCardle, D.A. 1997. The status of California marine protected areas. p. 13-24. In : Marine Protected Areas of California: A Summary of a Conference Session. D.M. McCardle and R.M. Starr (eds.). Univ. Of California, Sea Grant Cooperative Extension, Santa Barbara, CA.

McCardle, D.M. and R.M. Starr (eds.). 1997. Marine Protected Areas of California: A Summary of a Conference Session. Univ. Of California, Sea Grant Cooperative Extension, Santa Barbara, CA.

McCardle, D.A. In press. A historical review of the establishment of California marine protected areas. In: Linking Protected Areas With Working Landscapes. SAMPAA, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

McClanahan, T.R. 1989. Kenyan coral reef-associated gastropod fauna: a comparison between protected and unprotected reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 53:11-20.

McClanahan, T.R. 1994. Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: effects of fishing, substrate complexity, and sea urchins. Coral Reefs. 13:231-241.

McClanahan, T.R. 1995. A coral reef ecosystem-fisheries model: impacts of fishing intensity and catch selection on reef structure and processes. Ecol. Model. 80: 1-19.

McClanahan, T.R., and B. Kaunda-Arara. 1996. Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Cons. Biol. 10:1187-1199.

McClanahan, T.R. and N.A. Muthiga. 1988. Changes in Kenyan coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation. Hydrobiologia. 166:269-276.

McClanahan, T.R. and S,H, Shafir. 1990. Causes and consequences of sea urchin abundance and diversity in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Oecologia 83: 362-370.

McClellan, D.B. Aerial survey of sea turtles, marine mammals and vessel usage along the southeast Florida coast, Haulover Inlet to Sand Key: Phase 2. Miami Laboratory Contribution MIA-94/95-29. Annual Report. 17 pp.

McClellan, D.B. and S.K. Bolden. 1995. Comparative analysis of protected and unprotected reefs in John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, May 15, 1992 - June 27, 1995. Annual Report. 14 pp + figs.

McCormick, M.I., and J.H. Choat. 1987. Estimating total abundance of a large temperate-reef fish using visual strip-transects. Mar. Biol. 96:469-478.

McGarvey, R. and J.H. Martin Willison. 1995. Rationale for a marine protected area along the international boundary between U.S. and Canadian waters in the Gulf of Maine. Pages 74-81 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.

We propose a marine protected area along the ICJ international boundary (the "Hague line") separating U.S. and Canadian Atlantic waters. This line passes through the Gulf of Maine and the intensively fished Georges Bank. The area included in the proposed reserve contains a variety of habitats representative of the Gulf of Maine. We propose that a strip be protected against exploitive uses. The width of the protected area would be a matter for negotiation but might be set at 10 km: 5 km on each side of the boundary. This marine reserve would serve four principal functions: (1) to preserve marine, mainly benthic, biodiversity in these biotically rich coastal habitats in small but long zone of untrawled bottom; (2) to enhance important benthic fisheries, notably scallops, by leaving a sub population to grow to advanced adult ages at which egg production is much greater than by adults at average time of harvest in the present fishery; (3) to provide a buffer zone to reduce encroachment of scallopers and trawlers from one nation into the waters of the other, and to facilitate enforcement against these territorial violations; and (4) to provide untrawled bottom for benthic ecological study.

McNeill, S.E., and P.G. Fairweather. 1993. Single large or several small marine reserves? An experimental approach with seagrass fauna. J. Biogeog. 20:429-440.

Mercier, F. 1995. Report of a Workshop to Identify a Potential National Marine Conservation Area on the N.E. Coast of Newfoundland Pages 240-248 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

In March 1993, an experts workshop co-sponsored by Parks Canada and the province of Newfoundland was held in St. John's with the purpose of identifying the areas providing the best overall representation of the characteristic marine features of the South Labrador Shelf Marine Region along the NE coast of Newfoundland. The idea of the workshop was advanced as a means of filling the information gaps left from the initial Parks Canada area identification study based on a literature review. Some 30 specialist and experts were invited to provide the most accurate and up-to-date information on geology, oceanography, plankton, benthic communities, marine birds, fish and mammals, and coastal and marine cultural resources, as well as present and future uses of marine resources, including fisheries, sealing, aquaculture, seabird hunting, and offshore minerals and oil and gas. The consensus reached indicated that the most representative area was the general area of northern Bonavista Bay to Bay of Exploits and out to the edge of the continental shelf, including Funk Island. The experts workshop was judged a success and an extremely effective technique for national marine conservation area identification/selection studies.

Miller, K.R., and S.M. Lanou. 1995. National Biodiversity Planning: Guidelines Based on Early Experiences Around the World. World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Programme and The World Conservation Union. Washington, D.C.; Nairobi; Gland Switzerland. xiii + 161 pp.

Montgomery, W.L. 1983. Parr excellence. Nat. Hist. 6/83: 58-67.

Moreno, C.A., A. Reyes, and G. Asencio. 1993. Habitat and movements of the recruits of Concholepas concholepas (Mollusca; Muricidae) in the rocky intertidal of southern Chile. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 171:51-61.

Morgan, L.E., L.W. Botsford, and S.R. Wing. 1997. Influence of local productivity and recruitment patterns on design of reserves, the California red sea urchin population as an example. p. 103-113. In : Marine Protected Areas of California: A Summary of a Conference Session. D.M. McCardle and R.M. Starr (eds.). Univ. Of California, Sea Grant Cooperative Extension, Santa Barbara, CA.

Munro, J.L., and D. McB. Williams. 1985. Assessment and management of coral reef fisheries: Biological, environmental, and socio-economic aspects. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, 4:544-578.

Murray, S.N. 1997. Effectiveness of marine life refuges on southern California shores. p. 37-49. In : Marine Protected Areas of California: A Summary of a Conference Session. D.M. McCardle and R.M. Starr (eds.). Univ. Of California, Sea Grant Cooperative Extension, Santa Barbara, CA.