Oishi, F. G. 1992. Marine life conservation: District plan. Unpublished manuscript available from Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 330, Honolulu, HI 96813. Pages 1-18.

Olenin, S. 1995. Lithuanian Stony Bottom Localities: A Link in the Chain of Baltic Sea Marine Protected Areas. Pages 145-148 in N.L. Shackell, and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

Recently NGOs and government experts identified about 60 marine and coastal areas in the Baltic Sea region by using criteria like ecological value, state of still existing naturalness, scientific and educational importance, and others. These areas will be linked into the future Baltic International System of Protected Areas. It is planned that they will be studied, monitored and managed by uniform methods. One of the marine areas nominated by the experts belongs to the Lithuanian sector of the Baltic Sea. From the ecological standpoint it is important as a spawning and nursing place, and a peculiar reserve, supporting biodiversity in the Lithuanian coastal zone.

Oliva, D. And J.C. Castilla. 1986. The effects of human exclusion on the population structure of key-hole limpets Fissurella crassa and F. Limbata on the coast of central Chile. PSZNI Mar. Ecol. 7:201-217.

O'Neill, B. 1993. Alternative support for protecting areas in an age of deficits. Oceanus. 36:49- 52.

Ortega, S. 1987. The effect of human predation on the size distribution of Siphonaria gigas (Mollusca: Pulmonata) on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Veliger, 29:251-255.

Ottesen, P., and Kenchington, R. 1995. Marine Conservation and Protected Areas in Australia: What is the Future? Pages 151-164 in N.L. Shackell, and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important marine conservation tool and Australia has an enviable record for establishing them. Nonetheless, there is increasing community concern about pollution, over fishing, physical degradation of marine habitats and declining opportunities for access to resources. Governments are responding to this concern and, consistent with a world-wide trend, will establish more MPAs. However, the way MPAs are established and managed in Australia is likely to change as their role in addressing the broader issue of conservation is considered. There is an emerging view that large areas managed in an integrated manner for mutiple-use and containing smaller areas of high protection provide a better approach to conserving biological diversity and providing for ecologically sustainable development than a sectoral approach based on highly protected sites with no consistent management of surrounding areas. This integrated approach underlies the management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia's best known and the world's largest MPA. The paper describes the main elements of the marine conservation debate and the role of MPAs, reviews the status of MPA establishment in Australia, identifies and discusses the factors that are likely to drive the establishment and management of new MPAs, and describes the management features of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.