Walsh, S.J., W.B. Brodie, C.A. Bishop, and E.F. Murphy. 1995. Fishing on juvenile groundfish nurseries on the Grand Bank: A discussion of technical measures of conservation. Pages 54-73 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.

The area incorporating the Southeast Shoal and the Tail of the Grand Bank is a nursery area for NAFO Divisions 3NO cod, 3LNO yellowtail flounder and the 3NO segment of the 3LNO plaice stock. Most of this area is outside Canada's 200-mile limit. This oceanic nursery area contains newly settled juveniles, older juveniles and adults of all three species. Canada's extended jurisdiction of its coastline to 200 miles in 1977 greatly curtailed the cod fisheries on the Grand Bank by non-Canadian fleets. This has precipitated more directed fishing effort for American plaice and yellowtail flounder during the 1980's, by non-Canadian fishing fleets in the area outside the 200-mile limit. With the decline in catches of older cod, plaice and yellowtail flounder in this area, effort has been directed toward the capture of juvenile fish by some NAFO member and non-NAFO member countries through the use of illegal small mesh gears. Several technical measures of conservation are discussed which involve control of age of first capture as well as the catch composition. Despite all these regulatory measures, excessive numbers of juvenile groundfish have been caught in the area outside the 200-mile limit. One measure which has not been used is closure of the fishing grounds where nurseries are located. Cod, plaice, and yellowtail flounder stocks, which straddle the 200-mile limit on the southern Grand Bank, are vulnerable to being over fished because any conservation action taken by Canada within the boundary is being undermined by other countries fishing outside the boundary.

Walters, B. B. and Butler M. 1995. Should We See Lobster Buoys Bobbing in a Marine Park? Pages 205-213 in N.L. Shackell, and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management.

Efforts to establish marine protected areas in Atlantic Canada and several tropical countries suggest that the process by which communities become involved in the establishment of marine protected areas is crucial. Recent initiatives involving government-fisher collaborations in the Maritimes provide some guidance. An adaptive approach that treats each opportunity on a case-by-case basis is necessary. For example, in certain cases a protected area may not be the most effective route to conservation. Government agencies should approach potentially affected communities with a flexible, open agenda, not a predetermined plan. Non-government and community-based organizations will likely play an increasingly central role as intermediaries. In light of these considerations, we conclude by exploring the hypothetical scenario of establishing a marine park on Nova Scotia's South Shore.

Wantiez, L., P. Thollot, and M. Kulbicki. 1997. Effects of marine reserves on coral reef fish communities from five islands in New Caledonia. Coral Reefs. 16: 215-224.

Warren, L.M. and C. Tydeman. 1989. A voluntary approach to statutory MNRs in the UK. p. 2650-2664. In: Coastal Zone '89: Proc. 6th Symp. Coastal and Ocean Management. Amer. Society Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

Waters, J.R. 1991. Restricted access vs. open access methods of management: toward more effective regulation of fishing effort. Amer. Fish. Rev. 53:1-10.

Watson, M., and R.F.G. Ormond. 1994. Effect of an artisanal fishery on the fish and urchin populations of a Kenyan coral reef. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 199:115-129.

Watson, M., D. Righton, T. Austin, R. Ormond. 1996. The effects of fishing on coral reef fish abundance and diversity. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 76:229-233.

Weil, E.M and R.G. Laughlin. 1984. Biology, population dynamics, and reproduction of the queen conch Strombus gigas Linne in the Archipielago de los Roques National Park. J. Shellfish Res. 4:45-62.

White, A. 1982. Sumilon Marine Park: A first for the Philippines. Sea Frontiers 28(6): 370-374.

White, A.T. 1986. Marine reserves: how effective as management strategies for Philippine, Indonesian and Malaysian coral reef environments? Ocean Manag. 10:137-159.

White, A.T. 1988. The effect of community-managed marine reserves in the Philippines on their associated coral reef fish populations. Asian Fish. Sci. 2:27-41.

White, A.T. and G.C. Savina. 1987. Community based marine reserves, a Philippine first. p. 2022-2036. In: Coastal Zone '87: Proc. 5th Symp. Coastal and Ocean Manage., Amer. Society Civil Engineers, New York, NY.

Wilson, D.S. and A.B. Clarke. 1996. The shy and the bold. Natural History 9/96: 26-28.

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The social aspects in relation to the establishment of marine reserves have received little attention compared with the study of bio-physical phenomena. Subsequent to the passing of the Marine Reserves Act (1971), New Zealand led the world in protection of the marine environment with an area of non-extraction at Goat Island, Leigh. During the intervening years, no additional mainland marine reserves were created until the designation of Cathedral Cove marine reserve in 1993. The present study examined the nature of community reactions to marine reserve proposals. Beliefs, attitudes and knowledge regarding marine reserves were explored and related to the stance of the respondent (i.e. supporting or opposing a proposal for a marine reserve in their vicinity). Sample populations of 200 rate-payers from four target areas (two high-impact and two low-impact control areas) participated in a questionnaire study. Results confirmed the hypothesis that the establishment of marine reserves would be supported by the majority of respondents, dependent on the implementation of comprehensive social and environmental impact assessments, resulting in the identification of appropriate sites. Public involvement in the planning process, concomitant with information, communication and compromise were identified as strategies for reducing intergroup conflict. The findings of the present research have implications for legislation, implementation, policy-making, management and public relations relevant to the establishment of marine reserves.